Strategies for Increasing Appetite and Tempting Picky Eaters: Many factors and situations may reduce a horse’s appetite. It’s important to find and correct whatever it is—illness, pain, discomfort, environment—that keeps a horse from diving eagerly into his feed. As the situation is being corrected, owners can try some of the following strategies to encourage a more healthy appetite.

Picky eaters are very sensitive to feed quality. Be sure that premixed feeds and straight grains are within their printed expiration date. In addition, store feeds correctly to avoid mold or oxidation from exposure to air and moisture. In very hot weather, buy only enough feed to last a week or so. Prevent fermentation of grains and molasses in storage. Be a discerning customer when buying hay and chaff, and accept only clean, fresh-smelling forages that are free from weeds, dust, mold, and evidence of rodent infestation.

Forage:

In cases where horses are being fed a lot of grain, adding more forage to the diet can help to avoid problems such as gastric ulcers and hindgut acidity that may reduce appetite. Add forage as long-stem forage (hay or pasture) rather than chaff or other fiber sources. Offering at least 1% of body weight in forage per day is the best way to avoid digestive problems that may dull appetite.

The high glycemic index of grain feeds and the corresponding high blood sugar and insulin levels following grain meals can suppress appetite. As hard feed rations are increased, overall appetite is suppressed.

Horses find best-quality forage most palatable. The hay does not have to be prime lucerne (alfalfa) or clover hay; any clean hay that is free of dust and mold with plenty of leaf and not too much rough, woody stem that has been cured and stored correctly is preferred. Rough, stalky hay is retained in the digestive tract  longer than good-quality, leafy hay. This can affect appetite and intake of forage. Although this type of hay is unsuitable for picky eaters, it can be useful for overweight animals.

In horses that must consume concentrated energy, lucerne (alfalfa) or clover are good choices but are often better in combination with non-legume hays (grass, and cereal hays) than fed alone, where they can sometimes be too rich and cause scouring and further digestive upset.

B Vitamins:

In some cases, a deficiency of B vitamins can be the reason for suppressed appetite. Feeding plenty of forage ensures correct hindgut digestion, allowing adequate production of essential B vitamins in most cases. However, in horses that are working very hard, or those that are under stress or are scouring, B-vitamin production may fall short of requirements.

Supplementing B vitamins to horses with reduced appetite can stimulate appetite. Supplementation is best in an oral form rather than injectibles. For horses that refuse feed, mix powders with water, Give orally via a dosing syringe. Supplements should contain the full complex of B group vitamins at appropriate levels.

A course of daily supplementation for 14 to 20 days will help to stimulate appetite in horses that have gone off feed suddenly. Strategic supplementation prior to and at a show and competition can help to maintain appetite at these critical times. In some rare cases, regular supplementation seems to be required, with the horse going off feed as soon as the supplement is taken away, but correct nutritional and work balance can often alleviate inappetence enough that this is not necessary.

Oil and Fat:

In horses where no cause of poor appetite can be established, the owner or manager must come up with clever ways to get enough energy into the horse to do the job that is required in a safe way that will not affect the horse’s behavior or performance. High-fat feeds and fat/oil supplements can be a great way to get extra calories into the feed bucket in a relatively small volume of feed.

Oil and fat contains about three times the amount of energy as oats on a volume to volume basis. One cup of oil has about the same energy as 1 kg (2.2 lb) of oats. Adding oil or a high-fat supplement increases the energy density of the feed, making each mouthful more calorific.

Even if the horse only eats half of the supplemented feed, the calories taken in are significantly more than with grain feed alone. Appropriate oil choices are canola, corn (the most palatable), sunflower, or mixed vegetable oil. Choose only new oil. Avoid any oil claiming to be recycled or anything from the restaurant industry. This has been used for frying and has different properties from fresh oil.

Other high-fat supplements include rice bran, sunflower seeds, and soybean meal. These can be useful for horses with an aversion to oil. It can be used in combination with oil to reduce the overall volume of oil required. A regular amount is 1 to 2 cups of oil per day or a total of 1 to 2 kg (2.2 to 4.4 lb) of high-fat supplements with or without added oil.

Electrolytes and Salt:

Electrolytes and salt are very important in horse diets. Particularly in working horses. However, feeding too much can suppress appetite and reduce feed palatability. Generally, palatability is reduced once salt is included at more than 1% of the feed. With picky eaters, the tolerance level can be much lower than that.

In many cases, it is better to allow free-choice salt separately from the feed. Dose horses daily by syringe to get the right amount of salt and electrolytes into them. When adding or increasing salt in the feed, the best approach is to do it gradually. This will not always work with picky eaters. Yet, it can help to get the horse eating if no drastic changes are noticed in the feed.

In cases where it is imperative that the horse eats. For example, such as if the horse is sick and weak. If refusal of feed over a period of time while away at competition is affecting performance. If a horse is competing in a long-distance endurance event and is not eating well along the way. The smorgasbord approach can be very useful. Providing a range of different feedstuffs in an attempt to find something that the horse will voluntarily eat will help to satisfy the immediate requirement of getting something into the horse.

New Feedstuffs:

Do not offer new and strange feedstuffs to horses. However, in cases where the horse must eat something, this rule takes a back seat. Smorgasbord meals are usually small (around 0.5 to 1 kg or 1.1 to 2.2 lb per feed type). Once the horse has chosen a particular feed, the others are generally removed. Feedstuffs offered may include a variety of hay types. The preferred type may surprise owners who imagine that prime lucerne (alfalfa) must be the only hay they should try. Do not underestimate the palatability of fresh grass.

In terms of hard feed, the menu may include pellets. In addition, sweet feeds of different types (micronized, steam-flaked, and so on), and straight grains such as steam-flaked barley or straight oats. Leave additives and supplements out of the feed. However, additions such as carrots, apples, a little molasses, apple cider vinegar, or even fruit juice can sometimes be just the temptation the horse needs. The traditional bran mash can be a powerful tool in trying to tempt the picky eater.

A good helping of wheat bran or pollard with the addition of a handful of grain and perhaps some molasses and some carrots and/or apples soaked with warm water and fed fresh and warm can be to a horse as chicken soup is to a convalescing human patient. Bran mashes are often the first feed of choice in equine veterinary hospitals following surgery. For good reason: their proven palatability and as a great way of getting some vital fluids into a horse.

Dealing with picky eaters can be frustrating. The trick is to work out why the horse is not eating. Then, fix the root cause of the problem.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions about Strategies for Increasing Appetite and Tempting Picky Eaters? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

Article by KER.

Advantages of Haynets and Hay Feeders for Horses: While forage is the most important part of a horse’s diet, circumstances arise when intake should be limited. Obese horses and ponies with metabolic conditions, for example, may need to have calorie intake controlled carefully to avoid overconsumption of energy. Limiting forage intake can mean less time spent chewing, and with this comes a reduction in saliva production and stomach-acid buffering, all of which sets the stage for gastric ulcers and possible colic.

Haynets:

Haynets help prolong the time it takes a horse to consume forage by providing a physical barrier that prevents fast consumption. They are manufactured with holes of varying sizes, and differences in this design feature can affect how fast a horse consumes hay.

Researchers at the University of Minnesota found that horses took longer to consume hay from haynets with small holes (3.2 cm) or medium (4.4 cm) holes compared to large holes (15.2 cm) or the control group fed without haynets*. The researchers even found a difference in consumption rates between haynets with small and medium holes.

Aside from slowing consumption, there is another benefit to using barriers to extend consumption of forage. Researchers concluded that the use of haynets decreased overall stress in horses on restricted diets, while simultaneously achieving weight loss**.

Hay Management:

Depending on the management situation, owners sometimes find that a lot of hay is wasted when not fed in a haynet or feeder. Hay wastage can be minimized with proper use of a square-bale feeder. A study on feeder design (basket, slat, or rack) found that feeders reduced the amount of hay wasted when fed outside compared to hay fed without a feeder+. With less waste, feeders reduced the overall cost of providing hay.

Further, while many horses can maintain their weight on all-forage diets, forage does not provide all of the nutrients horses need for top-notch nutrition. Mature horses should be fed a vitamin/mineral supplement to make up for any nutritional shortfalls.

Whether the goal is to carefully control forage intake or simply to minimize waste, haynets and hay feeders offer practical solutions.

Resources:

Interested in learning more about the Advantages of Haynets and Hay Feeders for Horses? Visit or call J & J Hay Farms for more information!

*Glunk, E.C., M.R. Hathaway, W.J. Weber, C.C. Sheaffer, and K.L. Martinson. 2014. The effect of hay net design on rate of forage consumption when feeding adult horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34(8):986-991.

**Glunk, E.C. 2014. Methods of restricting forage intake in horses. Dissertation abstract, accessed online.

+Grev, A., A. Glunk, M. Hathaway, W. Lazarus, and K. Martinson. The effect of small square-bale feeder design on hay waste, hay intake and economics during outdoor feeding of adult horses. University of Minnesota Equine Extension. 

 

Feeding and Caring for Horses During Cold Weather: Healthy horses usually get along fine in moderately cold weather. A little more care may be necessary for very young or very old equines. In addition, those that are ill or have any sort of chronic health challenge. In extremely cold, wet, or windy weather, almost all horses will benefit from a few adjustments to management.

Shelter:

Shelter is important! Athough horses don’t necessarily have to be kept in stalls. Horses that are left outside, but with free access to shelter, will use a shed or building if they need it. Just getting out of a cold breeze is helpful in maintaining body warmth. The lee side of a hill, group of trees, or steep bank can be almost as good as a run-in shed or barn in breaking the force of a moderate wind. Owners should be sure that all horses have access to some type of sheltered area extensive enough so that dominant horses can completely exclude submissive members of the herd.

Staying Dry:

Staying dry is a big part of staying warm. The horse’s coat will shed some rain unless it lasts a long time or is driven by a strong wind. In severe weather, outdoor horses may benefit from waterproof blankets. However, blanketed horses should be checked several times a day to be sure the blanket fits well and doesn’t rub the horse’s coat.

Putting a blanket on a wet horse prevents the coat from drying. Therefore horses should be brought into a stall and allowed to dry completely before blankets are put on. In a pinch, a blanket can be put on a wet horse and fastened loosely. Use large handfuls of straw or hay placed at frequent intervals between the horse’s skin and the inside of the blanket so that air can circulate to help the coat dry. This is a temporary solution. The horse will need to have this blanket removed and a completely dry one put on before he is either left in the stall or turned out.

Providing Hay:

The horse generates a great deal of heat through the process of fermenting roughage in the hindgut. For this reason, providing more hay is the first step in keeping horses warm during cold weather. For moderate winter conditions with air temperatures down to the teens or single digits, the horse needs to have an amount of hay equal to about 1.5 to 2% of his body weight every day. As the temperature falls, another 2 to 3 lb (1 to 1.5 kg) of hay should be provided for every additional five degrees below zero (Fahrenheit). Young horses, older horses, and pregnant or lactating broodmares may need grain in addition to their forage ration. Increasing forage should be done before the grain ration is increased.

Clean Water:

Access to clean water that is not too cold is extremely important for horses during the winter season. Horses will drink water that is just above freezing. However, they will drink more if the water is somewhat warmer. Don’t count on horses eating snow to quench their thirst! This practice doesn’t supply much liquid and can seriously decrease the horse’s body temperature. Horses that don’t drink enough are at increased risk for impaction and choke, conditions that often require veterinary intervention. Be sure water supplies are not frozen and are adequate for all horses.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions about Feeding and Caring for Horses During Cold Weather? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

 

Avoiding Colic as Horses Transition from Pasture to Hay: It happens every year. Horses that have been turned out in pastures all summer must transition to a diet that contains far less fresh grass and far more hay. This means that the important fiber portion of the diet will have a lower moisture content along with a significant increase in the percentage of dry matter. Read further to learn how to avoid colic as horses transition from pasture to hay.

Throughout the fall and winter months, owners should continue to allow as much turnout as possible. Any change to a horse’s diet should be made as gradually as possible in order to avoid colic and other digestive tract upsets. Fortunately for horse owners, the move from grass to hay naturally follows this pattern as pasture growth declines and plants enter a dormant stage. Horses that have access to pasture will continue to graze, but the forage they ingest will slowly drop in moisture and lose its fresh characteristics.

Water is Essential:

Providing plenty of fresh, clean water is essential in every season, but it is particularly important when hay is being fed and horses are not getting much moisture from their forage intake. Extremely cold water is less appealing than water that has been warmed to around 50° F. Water at this temperature still feels very cold on human skin, but it is readily consumed by horses.

Access to salt, either loose or in a block, is also important. Sprinkling a bit of salt on grain or dampened hay will stimulate the horse to drink more water.

Exercise and Consumption:

Throughout the fall and winter months, owners should continue to allow as much turnout as possible. According to Kathleen Crandell, Ph.D., senior equine nutritionist at Kentucky Equine Research, “Exercise helps to keep ingested material moving through the horse’s digestive tract. Pastured horses cover a lot more ground than stalled horses. Especially if they are turned out with a buddy or two.” If outdoor exercise isn’t available, be sure that all horses get at least a few hours of riding, driving, longeing, or free exercise in a covered arena each day.

Monitor hay consumption while horses are in their stalls. If one horse is not consuming much hay, or if you find wads of partially chewed hay lying on the floor in this horse’s stall, he may need to have his teeth checked. Dental exams should be scheduled for all horses once or twice a year. Some horses, especially older equine, can develop problems between checkups.

Hay and Supplements:

When a new batch of hay is delivered, introduce it by feeding a small amount of the new hay mixed into the old. Increase the percentage of new hay gradually over five to seven days. This allows the microbes in the horse’s gut to adjust to the change and prevents upsets.

Inspect each bale of hay as it is opened. Discard any hay that smells musty or shows signs of mold. Most horses will refuse to eat hay that is moldy. Even if the mold is so slight that humans can’t detect it. However, extremely hungry horses may eat tainted hay. It should never be fed and should be disposed of in an area where horses can’t reach it.

Research-proven digestive supplements can help horses that are prone to colic during feed transitions. EquiShure, a supplement developed by Kentucky Equine Research, stabilizes the pH of the hindgut. Changes in feed sometimes cause the pH to fluctuate wildly, which can set the stage for colic or laminitis.

Would you like more information about hay diets and how to avoid colic as horses transition from pasture to hay? Contact us at J & J Farms by clicking here!

Article brought to you by KER.

Keeping Your Horses Healthy This Summer: Georgia summers bring soaring temperatures, intense humidity, and long days of sunshine—perfect for outdoor adventures but challenging for horse owners who want to keep their equine companions healthy and comfortable. Whether you’re an experienced equestrian or a first-time horse owner, hot weather care is critical for your horse’s overall well-being.

This guide will provide expert tips on hydration, feeding, shade, exercise, and more. By the end of this post, you’ll have the tools to ensure your horse thrives under the Georgian sun while maintaining peak health and happiness.

Why Summer Care is Essential for Horses

Horses are resilient animals, but summer heat poses unique challenges. They rely on horse owners to make adjustments to their care routine to prevent common summer issues such as dehydration, heat stress, skin conditions, and other warm-weather health concerns. With proper care, your horse can stay comfortable and healthy all summer long.

Here are the most essential summer care tips tailored for horse owners in Georgia:

1. Keep Hydration a Top Priority

Georgia’s hot climate makes adequate hydration the most important factor in your horse’s summertime health. Horses can lose large amounts of water and salt through sweat, particularly during humid days.

How to Ensure Proper Hydration:

• Provide Unlimited Clean Water

Keep fresh, clean water within constant reach. Horses typically drink 5–10 gallons of water daily, but this amount can increase during extreme heat or activity.

• Add Electrolytes

Supplement your horse’s water supply with electrolytes if they’re sweating heavily. Electrolyte powders or pastes help replenish lost minerals and encourage your horse to drink more.

• Monitor Water Buckets

Regularly check water buckets or troughs for cleanliness. Algae and dirt can quickly accumulate in the heat, deterring your horse from drinking.

Pro Tip: If you notice your horse isn’t drinking enough, offer soaked hay as an additional hydration source.

2. Adjust Feeding Habits

Summer heat can affect your horse’s appetite and digestion. Providing the right nutrition while reducing unnecessary heat generation is critical.

Feeding Tips:

• Provide High-Quality Forage

Forage should make up the bulk of their diet, but consider smaller, more frequent meals during hot days to support your horse’s digestive system.

• Avoid Excess Grain

Feeding large amounts of grain can increase internal heat production. Adjust your ration to maintain proper energy levels without overloading your horse.

• Offer Salt Licks

Salt licks encourage healthy water consumption by replacing minerals lost in sweat. Place them in accessible locations around the barn or pasture.

3. Ensure Shade and Shelter

Horses exposed to direct sunlight for extended periods can quickly overheat. Ensuring a shaded space for rest is a must in Georgia’s blazing sun.

Solutions for Providing Shade:

• Natural Trees or Canopies:

If your pastures have trees, they can provide excellent natural shade. Include areas of tree cover in turnout spaces.

• Stable Fans:

Install fans in your barn to promote air circulation and keep indoor temperature down.

• Portable Shelters:

Invest in a portable turnout shelter if your pasture lacks natural shade. These structures are quick to set up and provide reliable coverage.

Warning: Never confine your horse in an unventilated space in high heat—it can be more dangerous than leaving them outdoors.

4. Monitor Exercise and Activity Levels

While exercise is vital, overworking your horse during the summer can lead to heat exhaustion, dehydration, or worse. Plan and adjust their activity schedules carefully.

Exercise Guidelines for Summer:

• Avoid the Hottest Times of the Day

Schedule rides or training sessions early in the morning or late afternoon when temperatures are cooler.

• Limit Strenuous Exercise

Shorten workout sessions and allow plenty of breaks in shaded areas.

• Cool Down Gradually

After exercise, walk your horse until their breathing normalizes, then bathe them with cool water to lower their body temperature.

5. Implement Fly and Pest Control

Georgia summers not only mean heat—they also mean pesky flies, mosquitoes, and other insects that can irritate horses and spread disease.

Fly Control Tips:

• Use Fly Masks and Sheets

Protect your horse from biting insects with lightweight, breathable fly masks and sheets during turnout.

• Stable Cleanliness

Keep stalls clean and free of manure and other debris that can attract flies.

• Opt for Fly Sprays

Use a horse-safe insect repellent to minimize fly bites and discomfort.

• Install Fans

Beyond cooling benefits, fans can help deter flies within the barn by creating a breeze they can’t tolerate.

6. Protect Against Sunburn and Skin Conditions

Just like humans, horses can suffer from sunburn and summer-related skin issues like fungal infections.

Skin Care for Horses:

• Sunblock for Sensitive Areas

Apply sunscreen (made specifically for horses) to areas with pink skin or no pigment, such as the nose and muzzle, for protection against UV rays.

• Check for Fungal Growth

Summer heat and moisture create a breeding ground for bacteria and fungi. Inspect your horse’s coat and legs for signs of irritation, such as scabs or hair loss. Treat any issues promptly with an appropriate antifungal solution.

7. Know the Signs of Heat Stress

Despite your best efforts, there’s always a risk of heat stress during hot summers. Being aware of the early warning signs can save your horse’s life.

Symptoms of Heat Stress to Watch For:

• Excessive or no sweating
• Rapid breathing or increased heart rate
• Elevated temperature (102°F or higher)
• Lethargy, stumbling, or disorientation
• Refusal to eat or drink

If you suspect heat stress, move the horse to a shaded, ventilated area immediately. Offer cool water, hose them down with cold water (primarily on the neck and legs), and call your veterinarian for guidance.

Prioritize Summer Safety for Your Horse

Georgia summers can be challenging for horses, but with these proactive measures, you can ensure your equine companion stays comfortable, healthy, and happy all season long. By prioritizing hydration, providing proper nutrition, and creating a safe, shaded environment, you’ll help your horse thrive no matter how high the mercury climbs.

If you found these tips helpful, share this guide with other horse owners in your community. Together, we can make summer safe and enjoyable for all our equine friends.

“Keeping Your Horses Healthy This Summer” article by: J&J Hay Farms

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Gastric Ulcers in Horses: Facts and Fallacies. A recent web-based survey queried horse owners on their knowledge and familiarity with equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Based on over 1,100 responses from individuals with and without direct experience with EGUS, here is a summary of what horse owners know, and perhaps more importantly, don’t know about gastric ulcers in horses.

Fact or Fallacy?

Survey respondents indicated that EGUS most commonly occurs in racehorses followed by sport horses. Leisure horses are only rarely affected.

Fact or fallacy? Both, actually. All horses are at risk of developing EGUS, but some horses may have an increased risk based on diet, water intake, lifestyle (use, training level), breed, concomitant diseases, and more.

Horse owners who have prior experience with ulcers were more aware that multiple types of ulcers exist.

Fact. EGUS is an umbrella term that collectively refers to ulcers (erosions in the lining of the stomach wall) that occur in either (1) the squamous or nonglandular region of the stomach, where ulcer presence is called equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) or (2) the glandular region, where ulcer formation is considered equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD). Some horses can even suffer from EGGD and ESGD simultaneously.

Common Factors:

Low forage intake and infection are the most common factors associated with EGUS by survey respondents.

Fact and fallacy. This is based on a recently published consensus statement on EGUS. Apparently, a high-starch diet is more reliably a predictor of EGUS than low forage intake.

** Those experts wrote that “free access to fibrous feed or frequent forage feeding is widely considered to reduce the risk of gastric ulceration, although strong evidence supporting this belief is also lacking.” That said, to be on the safe side, all horses should get 1.5 to 2% of their body weight in forage daily for overall digestive health and motility. If free-choice access to forage is not suitable for certain horses or is not possible in some management scenarios, horses should go no longer than four or five hours between forage meals.

No specific mention of infection as a risk factor for EGUS was discussed in the consensus statement. Infection causing decreased feed intake, delayed gastric emptying, or stress could potentially contribute to the development of gastric ulcers. Helicobacter pylori infection does not cause ulcers in horses, as it does in humans. The latest consensus statement on EGUS clearly states that antibiotic administration is not justified.

Identifying Ulcers:

Reliable signs of gastric ulceration identified by horse owners included change in behavior when fed, aggression, anemia, low white blood cell counts, and changes in behavior when ridden. Interestingly, respondents with prior experience felt that clinical signs could effectively diagnose EGUS, whereas individuals with no direct experience felt clinical signs were only moderately effective at diagnosing the condition.

Fact. As described by the EGUS expert panel, “Gastric ulcers have been loosely associated with a range of clinical signs in adult horses, despite a paucity of strong epidemiological evidence to support these associations.”

Such clinical signs include decreased appetite, poor body condition, weight loss, chronic diarrhea, poor coat condition, grinding teeth, behavioral changes, acute or recurrent colic, and poor performance.

The best method of diagnosing EGUS by a veterinarian is gastroscopy.

Fact. The expert panel wrote that, because EGUS is poorly associated with clinical signs, “the committee therefore does not support the practice of diagnosing EGUS based on ‘characteristic’ clinical signs and recommends that EGUS be confirmed by performing gastroscopy.”

Effective Treatment?

Both groups of respondents recognized omeprazole as an effective treatment.

Fact. Omeprazole blocks the production of gastric acid (hydrogen chloride) and increases the pH of the fluid in the stomach. This is in line with human ulcer treatments where the adage “no acid, no ulcer” is widely embraced. For examole, the horse should undergo follow-up gastroscopy prior to discontinuing treatment to ensure full healing. This is particularly true for EGGD because resolution takes longer than ESGD.

Sucralfate was recognized as another effective treatment by individuals with prior experience with EGUS but was unknown by those without experience.

Fact. According to experts, sucralfate should be used in conjunction with omeprazole to treat EGUS. The recommended dose is 12 mg/kg orally twice daily for 8 weeks. Overall, the proposed mechanisms of action of sucralfate include: adhering to ulcerated mucosa to protect damaged, healing tissues; stimulating mucous secretion and prostaglandin E synthesis, both of which protect the lining of the stomach); and enhancing blood flow. In Australia, horse owners should look for the sucralfate supplement Sucralox.

In Conclusion:

“A great deal of information regarding EGUS has been uncovered in the past 20 years. Failing to quickly identify EGUS in horses or inappropriately managing horses with EGUS and without the support of their veterinarian will delay appropriate treatment and potentially culminate in adverse outcomes,” said Catherine Whitehouse, M.S., a Kentucky Equine Research nutrition advisor. “Once a veterinarian has diagnosed EGUS, omeprazole treatment should be implemented.”

Resources:

Questions about Gastric Ulcers in Horses: Facts and Fallacies? Contact J & J Hay Farms.

*Marlin, D.J., J. Williams, K. Pickles, et al. 2019. Horse owner understanding of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 76:55.

**Sykes, B.W., M. Hewetson, R.J. Hepburn, et al. 2015. European College of Equine Internal Medicine Consensus Statement—Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 29(5):1288–1299.

 

 

Summer Pasture-Associated Heaves: Most horse owners have heard of heaves. It’s an asthma-like condition caused by irritation of the respiratory system when dust and mold spores are inhaled. Heaves is most often found in horses that spend a lot of time in stalls. They come in contact with fine particles contained in hay.

Combined with irritating ammonia fumes from wet bedding, these particles cause tissues in the respiratory passages to swell, making it more difficult for horses to breathe. The name “heaves” comes from the audible wheeze and contraction of the horse’s flank as it struggles to move air out of its lungs.

Horses with heaves usually have a normal body temperature and may show a thin, clear nasal discharge. Some heavey horses exhibit worse signs in winter when they are confined to the barn, improving when they are turned out in milder weather.

Summer pasture-associated heaves:

Summer pasture-associated heaves, on the other hand, affects turned-out horses that are sensitive to pollens and molds found in pastures. Signs of illness are the same between the two conditions, but the triggering factor is different. These horses may be more comfortable if they are kept indoors during the warmer seasons.

A nutritional supplement that has gained widespread attention in the fight against heaves is omega-3 fatty acids. They have well-known anti-inflammatory properties. Fish oils are direct sources of DHA and EPA. They are the most useful omega-3 fatty acids in terms of conferring health benefits. Other oils may contain ALA, which must then be converted to DHA and EPA, a complicated and inefficient process. For optimal omega-3 supplementation, use a marine-derived source such as EO-3.

Owners should contact a veterinarian for a diagnosis and treatment program if their horses have trouble breathing or become exercise intolerant during any season of the year.

Would you like more information about Summer Pasture-Associated Heaves? Contact us at J & J Farms by clicking here!

Article brought to you by KER.

 

The Most Profitable Summer Hay Crops in Georgia: Our warm summers and fertile soil make it an ideal location to grow a variety of hay crops. For farmers and agricultural enthusiasts, choosing the right forage during the summer can mean the difference between a good growing season and a truly profitable one. J & J Hay Farms is available for all your hay knowledge and needs!

But when it comes to hay, it’s not just about yields—it’s about safety, nutrition, and market appeal, particularly for horse owners and livestock farmers. This blog explores the top warm-season grasses that thrive in Georgia, focusing on those that are both horse-safe and highly profitable. Whether you’re already in the hay business or looking to diversify, here’s what you need to know.

Why Choose Summer Hay in Georgia

When summer arrives, warm-season grasses take center stage. These grasses are adapted to Georgia’s high-temperature conditions and offer hearty yields during the hottest months of the year. Unlike cool-season grasses that may struggle in peak summer, these varieties grow rapidly, making them a staple for farmers looking to maximize productivity through efficient crop cycles.

Additionally, with Georgia’s growing equestrian industry and a high demand for livestock feed, summer hay crops can generate significant profit when managed properly. However, not all grasses are created equal—choosing the right species matters when appealing to the horse feed market or for general livestock nutrition.

5 Types of Warm-Season Grasses Perfect for Georgia

1. Bermudagrass

The Gold Standard of Southern Hay

Bermudagrass is hands down one of the most popular and productive hay crops in Georgia. This warm-season perennial thrives in temperatures typical of the state’s summer months and is known for its durability and high yield. Types such as Coastal, Tifton 85, and Russell Bermudagrass have excellent forage quality.

Why It’s Profitable

• High Yields: Bermudagrass can produce up to 5-7 tons of hay per acre with proper fertilization.
• Market Demand: Highly sought after for horse owners and cattle farmers due to its digestibility and nutrient profile.
• Regrowth Capabilities: Once harvested, it can regrow quickly, allowing for multiple cuts within a single summer.

Considerations for Success

To get the most profit from Bermudagrass, regular soil testing and proper fertilization are essential. Overgrazing can also reduce yields, so rotational cropping practices are recommended.

2. Bahiagrass

Low Maintenance, High Return

If you’re looking for a hardy option that requires less babysitting, Bahiagrass might be your best bet. While not as nutrient-dense as Bermudagrass, it makes up for this with its exceptional drought tolerance, particularly in southern parts of Georgia where water availability varies.

Why It’s Profitable

• Low Input Costs: Bahiagrass grows well with minimal fertilization, saving money.
• Hardy Nature: It can withstand heavier grazing or less-than-ideal conditions.
• Resilient Storage: Once baled, this hay retains quality when stored for long periods, making it a safe investment for fluctuating market conditions.

For farmers targeting livestock rather than horses, Bahiagrass can generate steady income without the steep costs of high-input crops.

3. Alfalfa (Warm-Season Growth Management)

The Premium Crop

Although Alfalfa is traditionally a cool-season crop, modern agricultural practices and hybrid cultivars allow it to thrive during Georgia’s summer months. Alfalfa is revered for its protein-packed leaves, making it a favorite among horse owners who desire high-quality feed.

Why It’s Profitable

• Premium Pricing: Alfalfa hay markets command higher prices compared to Bermudagrass or Bahiagrass.
• Versatility: Ideal for horses, sheep, and goats, offering a wide customer base.
• Improved Soil Fertility: Alfalfa fixes nitrogen back into the soil, reducing future fertilizer needs for rotations.

Keep in mind that Alfalfa requires careful irrigation and pest management. But the high-value returns make the intensive care well worth it.

4. Teff Grass

The Newcomer Making Waves

Over the last few years, Teff Grass has rapidly gained popularity among Georgia farmers. This warm-season annual is fast-growing, drought-resistant, and ideal as horse-safe forage. Its fine stems and soft texture make it particularly attractive to picky eaters like horses.

Why It’s Profitable

• Fast Turnaround: Teff can be harvested just 45-50 days after planting.
• Flexible Harvesting: Ideal for farmers looking to supplement their hay inventory or diversify market offerings during peak seasons.
• Low Inputs/High Output: It thrives with minimal fertilization in well-drained soils.

Teff Grass also appeals to organic and sustainability-minded customers, adding further value to your operation’s overall branding.

5. Pearl Millet

High Tonnage Powerhouse

Pearl Millet is another warm-season annual that packs a punch in terms of both yield and resilience. Its adaptability to sandy or less fertile soils makes it particularly suited for areas across Georgia where traditional crops might underperform.

Why It’s Profitable

• Impressive Yields: Pearl Millet can generate up to 5 tons of hay per acre.
• Safe for Horses: Unlike some other crops, it does not produce prussic acid, which can be toxic to horses.
• Great for Multi-Cutting: Once harvested, it regrows quickly, offering multiple cuts in one season.

Be mindful of over-fertilization, which can lead to nitrate accumulation. Control this with soil testing.

Best Practices for Profitable Hay Production in Georgia

Regardless of the hay type you choose, following these general guidelines will ensure maximum yield and profitability.

1. Conduct Soil Testing: Understand your soil’s specific nutrient needs to avoid wasteful or excessive fertilization.
2. Invest in Proper Irrigation: While many warm-season grasses are drought-tolerant, well-timed irrigation can boost yields significantly.
3. Optimize Cutting Timing: For the highest nutritional value, time your hay cutting right before grasses flower.
4. Store Hay Properly: Use well-ventilated, waterproof storage spaces to preserve bales from mold and spoilage.

Cater to the Horse Market

Given that horses are particularly common among Georgia’s agricultural customers, focusing your hay production on horse-safe crops like Bermudagrass, Teff Grass, or Alfalfa can be a strategic decision. Consider marketing directly to local horse owners or equestrian centers in your area to secure steady, high-margin sales.

Your Next Steps

By selecting the right warm-season grasses and implementing best practices, you can set yourself up for a profitable summer and beyond. Diversifying crops with the The Most Profitable Summer Hay Crops in Georgia and catering to niche but growing markets—like equestrian enthusiasts—could further increase your success.

Selecting Forages for Horses Diagnosed with Equine Asthma: Environmental management is one of the most important aspects of treating and managing horses diagnosed with equine asthma. Asthma is a chronic condition that requires lifelong management changes to maintain respiratory function and overall health. Reducing exposure to respirable antigens, which are the inhaled molds, endotoxins, and other foreign matter that trigger immune response, can help alleviate the clinical symptoms of asthma. The most common respirable antigens in a horse’s environment come from hay, bedding, and potentially pasture.

For horses diagnosed with barn-associated asthma, full-time pasture access is generally recommended. However, this is not an option for many horse owners, and hay is often the primary source of forage. Hay is a major concern for horses with asthma, as hay will always contain some respirable antigens. To reduce the amount of potential inhalation of dust and mold spores, several options are available to the horse owner.

Harm Reduction:

1. Always ensure the hay is as clean as possible. Only use high-quality hay, as free as possible from dust and mold.
   

   RDC:

2. Research has shown that immersing, soaking, or steaming hay before feeding can significantly reduce the number of particles inhaled by the horse. Simply sprinkling the hay with water is inadequate. The hay must be completely immersed and wet throughout to reduce the respirable dust concentration (RDC). One research study found that immersing and thoroughly wetting hay more than halved the mean and maximum RDC in a horse’s breathing zone (the two-foot sphere around the horse’s nose). Other studies have evaluated soaked hay for asthmatic horses. They determined that 30-45 minutes of soaking is adequate to reduce RDC. Longer soaking provides no additional advantages. Horse owners must keep in mind that soaking hay reduces nutrient content. Steaming hay is effective at reducing respirable antigens with less potential for loss of nutrients. However, it is not a viable option for many horse owners. The choice of whether to immerse, soak, or steam hay may best be addressed by the options available to the owner and the horse’s symptoms. If immersing the hay is adequate to eliminate symptoms (usually coughing is the initial and recurring symptom), then that would be the simplest solution. Some research data indicate that feeding soaked hay or hay pellets helps improve lung function. The same study has not been performed using immersed hay.
3. Remove any uneaten immersed, soaked, or steamed hay from the horse’s reach before it has a chance to generate mold.
   

   Different Types of Asthma:

4. For horses with severe asthma, entirely replace long-stemmed hay with pelleted hay or forage replacement, or a complete feed designed to provide adequate fiber to replace dietary forage. Particularly if clinical symptoms persist. Wetting pelleted hay will further reduce respirable particles and may allow the respiratory tract inflammation to subside. However, horses will consume pelleted forages more rapidly and with less chewing than long-stemmed forage. So the best practice would be to feed smaller quantities more often throughout the day.
5. For horses diagnosed with pasture-associated asthma, the primary causes of respiratory inflammation are certain molds and pollens. They can be present in pastures during growing seasons, particularly during periods of high heat and humidity. Management in such situations includes removing affected horses from pasture during high-risk periods. Such horses usually do best when only allowed pasture access during the winter. During the periods that these horses are kept off pasture, some do require the same forage management as horses diagnosed with barn-associated asthma.

For all horses diagnosed with asthma, decreasing dust in the horse’s environment through ventilation, low-dust bedding, and careful attention to periods of high environmental dust (sweeping barn aisles, high wind, etc.), is recommended.

One additional suggestion for managing horses with equine asthma includes dietary supplementation to help control chronic inflammation. Marine-derived sources of omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to support immune response in horses, including mediation of inflammation.

Would you like more information about Selecting Forages for Horses Diagnosed with Equine Asthma? Contact us at J & J Farms by clicking here!

Article brought to you by KER.